Di recente, la vitamina D ha destato un crescente interesse della dermatologia, come dimostrato da diversi studi scientifici.
Il ruolo principale della vitamina D è quello di regolare il metabolismo del calcio e del fosfato e preservare la mineralizzazione del tessuto osseo. Inoltre sono state molto valorizzate anche le funzioni extra-scheletriche della vitamina D, inclusa quella immuno-modulante e anti-proliferativa e il suo possibile ruolo nelle malattie infiammatorie croniche e neoplastiche.
La vitamina D ha un ruolo quindi anche nella regolazione del sistema immunitario cutaneo. In particolare, è in grado di inibire la produzione linfocitaria dell’interleuchina (IL)-1, IL-6, TNF-α e interferone-γ (INF-γ), potenti mediatori della risposta infiammatoria. Le principali patologie dermatologiche immunomediate associate a deficit di Vitamina D sono:
- vitiligine
- dermatite atopica
- psoriasi
- alopecia
Vitiligine
Alcuni studi epidemiologici osservazionali hanno evidenziato un’associazione significativa tra deficit di Vitamina D e vitiligine. Uno studio recentemente pubblicato ha riscontrato livelli di Vitamina D < 20 ng/ml nel 97,5% dei soggetti affetti da vitiligine
Dermatite Atopica
La dermatite atopica è stata associata a deficit di Vitamina D sia in età pediatrica sia adulta. Uno studio osservazionale in dermatologia condotto su una popolazione coreana di 15.212 soggetti ha confermato che bassi livelli di Vitamina D sono osservabili nei pazienti adulti con dermatite atopica. Tale carenza è stata confermata anche in età pediatrica.
La vitamina D esercita un effetto pleiotropico sulla pelle e potrebbe essere un’importante opzione terapeutica per la psoriasi e la dermatite atopica.
L’integrazione di vitamina D orale potrebbe ridurre la colonizzazione della cute di Staphylococcus aureus e ha dimostrato il miglioramento clinico dei pazienti con dermatite atopica.
Questa meta-analisi, infatti, ha mostrato che il livello sierico di vitamina D era inferiore nei pazienti con AD e l’integrazione di vitamina D poteva essere una nuova opzione terapeutica per l’AD.
Psoriasi
Il deficit di Vitamina D è stato riportato anche nei pazienti con psoriasi in diversi studi osservazionali. In particolare, in uno studio condotto a Firenze, Ricceri et al. hanno osservato che il 97% dei pazienti con psoriasi presentava livelli di Vitamina D inferiori a 30 ng/ml55.
In un altro studio in dermatologia condotto a Verona su 145 pazienti affetti da psoriasi cronica a placche, 112 da artrite reumatoide e 141 controlli, sani abbiamo osservato che il deficit di Vitamina D [livelli di 25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml] era significativamente maggiore nei pazienti affetti da psoriasi rispetto a quelli affetti da AR o nei controlli.
La vitamina D inibisce la proliferazione dei cheratinociti, stimolandone la differenziazione; inoltre, esercitano un’attività antinfiammatoria e immunomodulatrice riducendo la proliferazione di beta defensina 2 e 3, IL17A, IL17F e IL8.
Alopecia
Ci sono diverse studi in dermatologia che confermano che avere una carenza di vitamina D provoca la perdita di capelli e altri problemi ai capelli. La vitamina D stimola la crescita dei follicoli piliferi e quindi, quando vi è una carenza, i capelli possono risentirne.
La ricerca mostra che le persone con alopecia areata hanno livelli molto più bassi di vitamina D rispetto alle persone che non hanno l’alopecia.
L’assunzione, quindi, di quantità adeguate di vitamina D, può favorire la crescita e la ricrescita dei capelli.
Bibliografia
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